Chapter 5 States Of Matter

Question 1. A person living in Shimla observed that cooking food without using pressure cooker takes more time. The reason for this observation is that at high altitude:

(i) pressure increases

(ii) temperature decreases

(iii) pressure decreases

(iv) temperature increases

Question 2. Which of the following property of water can be used to explain the spherical shape of rain droplets?

(i) viscosity

(ii) surface tension

(iii) critical phenomena

(iv) pressure

Question 3. A plot of volume (V) versus temperature (T) for a gas at constant pressure is a straight line passing through the origin. The plots at different values of pressure are shown in Fig. 5.1. Which of the following order of pressure is correct for this gas?

(i) $p_1 > p_2 > p_3 > p_4$

(ii) $p_1 = p_2 = p_3 = p_4$

(iii) $p_1 < p_2 < p_3 < p_4$

(iv) $p_1 < p_2 = p_3 < p_4$

Question 4. The interaction energy of London force is inversely proportional to sixth power of the distance between two interacting particles but their magnitude depends upon

(i) charge of interacting particles

(ii) mass of interacting particles

(iii) polarisability of interacting particles

(iv) strength of permanent dipoles in the particles.

Question 5. Dipole-dipole forces act between the molecules possessing permanent dipole. Ends of dipoles possess ‘partial charges’. The partial charge is

(i) more than unit electronic charge

(ii) equal to unit electronic charge

(iii) less than unit electronic charge

(iv) double the unit electronic charge

Question 6. The pressure of a 1:4 mixture of dihydrogen and dioxygen enclosed in a vessel is one atmosphere. What would be the partial pressure of dioxygen?

(i) $0.8 \times 10^5$ atm

(ii) $0.008 \ N m^{-2}$

(iii) $8 \times 10^4 \ N m^{-2}$

(iv) 0.25 atm

Question 7. As the temperature increases, average kinetic energy of molecules increases. What would be the effect of increase of temperature on pressure provided the volume is constant?

(i) increases

(ii) decreases

(iii) remains same

(iv) becomes half

Question 8. Gases possess characteristic critical temperature which depends upon the magnitude of intermolecular forces between the particles. Following are the critical temperatures of some gases.

From the above data what would be the order of liquefaction of these gases? Start writing the order from the gas liquefying first

(i) $H_2, He, O_2, N_2$

(ii) $He, O_2, H_2, N_2$

(iii) $N_2, O_2, He, H_2$

(iv) $O_2, N_2, H_2, He$

Question 9. What is SI unit of viscosity coefficient ($\eta$)?

(i) Pascal

(ii) $N s m^{-2}$

(iii) $k m^{-2} s$

(iv) $N m^{-2}$

Question 10. Atmospheric pressures recorded in different cities are as follows:

Consider the above data and mark the place at which liquid will boil first.

(i) Shimla

(ii) Bangalore

(iii) Delhi

(iv) Mumbai

Question 11. Which curve in Fig. 5.2 represents the curve of ideal gas?

(i) B only

(ii) C and D only

(iii) E and F only

(iv) A and B only

Question 12. Increase in kinetic energy can overcome intermolecular forces of attraction. How will the viscosity of liquid be affected by the increase in temperature?

(i) Increase

(ii) No effect

(iii) Decrease

(iv) No regular pattern will be followed

Question 13. How does the surface tension of a liquid vary with increase in temperature?

(i) Remains same

(ii) Decreases

(iii) Increases

(iv) No regular pattern is followed

Question 14. With regard to the gaseous state of matter which of the following statements are correct?

(i) Complete order of molecules

(ii) Complete disorder of molecules

(iii) Random motion of molecules

(iv) Fixed position of molecules

Question 15. Which of the following figures does not represent 1 mole of dioxygen gas at STP?

(i) 16 grams of gas

(ii) 22.7 litres of gas

(iii) $6.022 \times 10^{23}$ dioxygen molecules

(iv) 11.2 litres of gas

Question 16. Under which of the following two conditions applied together, a gas deviates most from the ideal behaviour?

(i) Low pressure

(ii) High pressure

(iii) Low temperature

(iv) High temperature

Question 17. Which of the following changes decrease the vapour pressure of water kept in a sealed vessel?

(i) Decreasing the quantity of water

(ii) Adding salt to water

(iii) Decreasing the volume of the vessel to one-half

(iv) Decreasing the temperature of water

Question 18. If 1 gram of each of the following gases are taken at STP, which of the gases will occupy (a) greatest volume and (b) smallest volume?

$CO, H_2O, CH_4, NO$

Question 19. Physical properties of ice, water and steam are very different. What is the chemical composition of water in all the three states.

Question 20. The behaviour of matter in different states is governed by various physical laws. According to you what are the factors that determine the state of matter?

Question 21. Use the information and data given below to answer the questions (a) to (c):

• Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher boiling point.

• Strength of London forces increases with the number of electrons in the molecule.

• Boiling point of HF, HCl, HBr and HI are 293 K, 189 K, 206 K and 238 K respectively.

(a) Which type of intermolecular forces are present in the molecules HF, HCl, HBr and HI?

(b) Looking at the trend of boiling points of HCl, HBr and HI, explain out of dipole-dipole interaction and London interaction, which one is predominant here.

(c) Why is boiling point of hydrogen fluoride highest while that of hydrogen chloride lowest?

Question 22. What will be the molar volume of nitrogen and argon at 273.15K and 1 atm?

Question 23. A gas that follows Boyle’s law, Charle’s law and Avogadro’s law is called an ideal gas. Under what conditions a real gas would behave ideally?

Question 24. Two different gases ‘A’ and ‘B’ are filled in separate containers of equal capacity under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. On increasing the pressure slightly the gas ‘A’ liquefies but gas B does not liquify even on applying high pressure until it is cooled. Explain this phenomenon.

Question 25. Value of universal gas constant (R) is same for all gases. What is its physical significance?

Question 26. One of the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases states that “there is no force of attraction between the molecules of a gas.” How far is this statement correct? Is it possible to liquefy an ideal gas? Explain.

Question 27. The magnitude of surface tension of liquid depends on the attractive forces between the molecules. Arrange the following in increasing order of surface tension :

water, alcohol ($C_2H_5OH$) and hexane [$CH_3(CH_2)_4CH_3$)].

Question 28. Pressure exerted by saturated water vapour is called aqueous tension. What correction term will you apply to the total pressure to obtain pressure of dry gas?

Question 29. Name the energy which arises due to motion of atoms or molecules in a body. How is this energy affected when the temperature is increased?

Question 30. Name two intermolecular forces that exist between HF molecules in liquid state.

Question 31. One of the assumptions of kinetic theory of gases is that there is no force of attraction between the molecules of a gas.

State and explain the evidence that shows that the assumption is not applicable for real gases.

Question 32. Compressibility factor, Z, of a gas is given as $Z = \frac{pV}{nRT}$

(i) What is the value of Z for an ideal gas?

(ii) For real gas what will be the effect on value of Z above Boyle’s temperature?

Question 33. The critical temperature ($T_c$) and critical pressure ($p_c$) of $CO_2$ are $30.98^\circ C$ and 73 atm respectively. Can $CO_2$ (g) be liquefied at $32^\circ C$ and 80 atm pressure?

Question 34. For real gases the relation between p, V and T is given by van der Waals equation:

$(p + \frac{an^2}{V^2})(V - nb) = nRT$

where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are van der Waals constants, ‘nb’ is approximately equal to the total volume of the molecules of a gas.

‘a’ is the measure of magnitude of intermolecular attraction.

(i) Arrange the following gases in the increasing order of ‘b’. Give reason.

$O_2, CO_2, H_2, He$

(ii) Arrange the following gases in the decreasing order of magnitude of ‘a’. Give reason.

$CH_4, O_2, H_2$

Question 35. The relation between pressure exerted by an ideal gas ($p_{ideal}$) and observed pressure ($p_{real}$) is given by the equation

$p_{ideal} = p_{real} + \frac{an^2}{V^2}$

If pressure is taken in $N m^{-2}$, number of moles in mol and volume in $m^3$, Calculate the unit of ‘a’.

What will be the unit of ‘a’ when pressure is in atmosphere and volume in $dm^3$?

Question 36. Name two phenomena that can be explained on the basis of surface tension.

Question 37. Viscosity of a liquid arises due to strong intermolecular forces existing between the molecules. Stronger the intermolecular forces, greater is the viscosity.

Name the intermolecular forces existing in the following liquids and arrange them in the increasing order of their viscosities. Also give reason for the assigned order in one line.

Water, hexane ($CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_2CH_3$), glycerine ($CH_2OH CH(OH) CH_2OH$)

Question 38. Explain the effect of increasing the temperature of a liquid, on intermolecular forces operating between its particles, what will happen to the viscosity of a liquid if its temperature is increased?

Question 39. The variation of pressure with volume of the gas at different temperatures can be graphically represented as shown in Fig. 5.3.

On the basis of this graph answer the following questions.

(i) How will the volume of a gas change if its pressure is increased at constant temperature?

(ii) At a constant pressure, how will the volume of a gas change if the temperature is increased from 200K to 400K?

Question 40. Pressure versus volume graph for a real gas and an ideal gas are shown in Fig. 5.4. Answer the following questions on the basis of this graph.

(i) Interpret the behaviour of real gas with respect to ideal gas at low pressure.

(ii) Interpret the behaviour of real gas with respect to ideal gas at high pressure.

(iii) Mark the pressure and volume by drawing a line at the point where real gas behaves as an ideal gas.

Question 41. Match the graphs between the following variables with their names :

Graphs

(i) Pressure vs temperature graph at constant molar volume.

(ii) Pressure vs volume graph at constant temperature.

(iii) Volume vs temperature graph at constant pressure.

Names

(a) Isotherms

(b) Constant temperature curve

(c) Isochores

(d) Isobars

Question 42. Match the following gas laws with the equation representing them.

(i) Boyle’s law

(ii) Charle’s law

(iii) Dalton’s law

(iv) Avogadro law

(a) $V \propto n$ at constant T and p

(b) $p_{Total} = p_1 + p_2 + p_3+...$ at constant T, V

(c) $\frac{pV}{T}$ = Constant

(d) $V \propto T$ at constant n and p

(e) $p \propto \frac{1}{V}$ at constant n and T

Question 43. Match the following graphs of ideal gas with their co-ordinates :

Graphical representation

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

x and y co-ordinates

(a) pV vs. V

(b) p vs. V

(c) p vs. $\frac{1}{V}$

Question 44. Assertion (A): Three states of matter are the result of balance between intermolecular forces and thermal energy of the molecules.

Reason (R): Intermolecular forces tend to keep the molecules together but thermal energy of molecules tends to keep them apart.

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) A is false but R is true.

Question 45. Assertion (A): At constant temperature, pV vs V plot for real gases is not a straight line.

Reason (R) : At high pressure all gases have Z > 1 but at intermediate pressure most gases have Z < 1.

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) A is false but R is true.

Question 46. Assertion (A): The temperature at which vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure is called boiling temperature.

Reason (R) : At high altitude atmospheric pressure is high.

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) A is false but R is true.

Question 47. Assertion (A): Gases do not liquefy above their critical temperature, even on applying high pressure.

Reason (R) : Above critical temperature, the molecular speed is high and intermolecular attractions cannot hold the molecules together because they escape because of high speed.

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) A is false but R is true.

Question 48. Assertion (A): At critical temperature liquid passes into gaseous state imperceptibly and continuously.

Reason (R) : The density of liquid and gaseous phase is equal to critical temperature.

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) A is false but R is true.

Question 49. Assertion (A): Liquids tend to have maximum number of molecules at their surface.

Reason (R) : Small liquid drops have spherical shape.

(i) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

(ii) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(iii) A is true but R is false.

(iv) A is false but R is true.

Question 50. Isotherms of carbon dioxide at various temperatures are represented in Fig. 5.5. Answer the following questions based on this figure.

(i) In which state will $CO_2$ exist between the points a and b at temperature $T_1$?

(ii) At what point will $CO_2$ start liquefying when temperature is $T_1$?

(iii) At what point will $CO_2$ be completely liquefied when temperature is $T_2$.

(iv) Will condensation take place when the temperature is $T_3$.

(v) What portion of the isotherm at $T_1$ represent liquid and gaseous $CO_2$ at equilibrium?

Question 51. The variation of vapour pressure of different liquids with temperature is shown in Fig. 5.6.

(i) Calculate graphically boiling points of liquids A and B.

(ii) If we take liquid C in a closed vessel and heat it continuously. At what temperature will it boil?

(iii) At high altitude, atmospheric pressure is low (say 60 mm Hg). At what temperature liquid D boils?

(iv) Pressure cooker is used for cooking food at hill station. Explain in terms of vapour pressure why is it so?

Question 52. Why does the boundary between liquid phase and gaseous phase disappear on heating a liquid upto critical temperature in a closed vessel? In this situation what will be the state of the substance?

Question 53. Why does sharp glass edge become smooth on heating it upto its melting point in a flame? Explain which property of liquids is responsible for this phenomenon.

Question 54. Explain the term ‘laminar flow’. Is the velocity of molecules same in all the layers in laminar flow? Explain your answer.

Question 55. Isotherms of carbon dioxide gas are shown in Fig. 5.7. Mark a path for changing gas into liquid such that only one phase (i.e., either a gas or a liquid) exists at any time during the change. Explain how the temperature, volume and pressure should be changed to carry out the change.